Toxic hexavalent chromium12/17/2023 ![]() ![]() ![]() The extensive industrial usage of Cr compounds and subsequent release of effluents, without proper treatment in the environment, contaminates the ecosystem and causes remarkable health problems.Ĭhromium exists in several oxidation states, with the most stable forms being trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium species, with different chemical characteristics and biological effects (Nath et al., 2009). Chromium (Cr) is one of the toxic environmental pollutants released in the environment due to its wide use in industries such as tanning, corrosion control, plating, pigment manufacture and nuclear weapon production (Singh et al., 2013). Heavy metals are ubiquitous and persistent environmental pollutants that are generally introduced into the environment through anthropogenic activities (Achal et al., 2011). Se, vitamin C, and quercetin are assumed to have some protective effect against hexavalent chromium induced hematological disorders. Excess Cr (VI) increases cytosolic Ca 2+ activity and ATP depletion thereby inducing eryptosis. The toxic effects of chromium (VI) include mitochondrial injury and DNA damage of blood cells that leads to carcinogenicity. Excess Cr (VI), not reduced in plasma, may enter erythrocytes and lymphocytes and in rodents it induces microcytic anemia. The hexavalent chromium in the blood is readily reduced to trivalent form and the reductive capacity of erythrocytes is much greater than that of plasma. Both leukocyte and erythrocyte counts of blood sharply decreased in Swiss mice after two weeks of intraperitoneal treatment with Cr (VI), with the erythrocytes transforming into echinocytes. This review elucidates the mode of action of hexavalent chromium on blood and its adverse effects. Workers of tanneries, welding industries, factories manufacturing chromate containing paints are exposed to hexavalent chromium that increases the risk of developing serious adverse health effects. ![]()
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